综观Peirce的科学家经历和逻辑学家志向,Peirce把逻辑学视为对于各种科学推理方法的概括,同时又把逻辑学理论指导、应用于科学研究过程。二者紧密相连,互为作用。而更为突出的,他的逻辑贡献大都可追溯到其多样化的科学研究,他的逻辑独创往往也是其科学研究经验的启发性建议。笔者以为,研究Peirce的这些方面,我们至少可得出以下启示:逻辑学应从数学和科学推理实践中概括推理的一般本质;逻辑学家应尽可能学习、掌握科学(传统逻辑就因为没有这样做而失败,科学家非逻辑学家或逻辑学家非科学家都不能胜任于对科学推理的分析工作),因为拓宽自己的科学研究领域必将能加强逻辑学家对于逻辑科学的贡献能力;同时科学家要想更为一般地把握住推理方法也应了解逻辑学,但是前者在当前学术界值得特别注意。当前处于被冷落地位的逻辑学要想摆脱这种局面,必须加快发展自己;而经验科学(不再仅仅是数学)必能使得逻辑学发展获得新的生命力,这已经是被现代逻辑的发展史(特别是初创时期)所证实的。
参考文献:
〔1〕库克. 现代数学史〔M〕.呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,1982年. 61.
〔2〕罗素. 西方的智慧〔M〕.北京:商务印书馆,1999年. 276.
〔3〕Hilary Putnam. Peirce the Logician〔J〕.Historia Mathematica , 9(1982). 292.
〔4〕Max Fisch. The Decisive Year and Its Early Consequences〔M〕. Writings of Charles S. Peirce: a Chronological Edition(Vol.2). Bloomington, Indiana. Indiana University Press. 1984. Introduction.
〔5〕〔6〕〔7〕〔8〕Charles Sanders Peirce. Collected Papers of C. S. Peirce (Vol.1-8)〔C〕.Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard University Press. 1931-58. 2.227,2.93,4.530,3.421.(按照Peirce文献的通常标注法,这里如“2.227”的记法,小圆点前面的数字为卷数,后面的数字为节数)
〔9〕威廉·涅尔,玛莎·涅尔. 逻辑学的发展〔M〕.北京:商务印书馆,1985年.624.
〔10〕Robert Burch. Valental Aspects of Peircean Algebraic Logic〔J〕, Computers Math. Applic, Vol.23, No.6-9, 1992. 665-677.
Peirce:The Scientist and Logician
Abstract: C.S.Peirce is an outstanding American scientist and logician. He worked as a scientist. However he claimed that his research into various sciences is for the purpose of logic, and he would like to describe himself as a logician. On the other way, he thought of logic as science, and the long-period scientific experiments stimulate most of his original contributions in logic. Actually, the consideration of Peirce’s approaches in research provided a good suggestion for both the scientists who used extensively the reasoning methods and logicians who investigate specially the reasoning.
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